Managing diversity Toward global workplace - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Managing decent variety Toward worldwide work environment. Answer: Prologue to our set of accepted rules 7-Eleven is devoted to perform with trustworthiness, honesty and trust consistently extraordinarily grinding away while speaking to the organization and subsequent to working hours. Our guiding principle The executive and the representatives of 7-Eleven Stores Pvt. Ltd are accepted to consistently act in similarity with built up targets: To do duties regarding the money related markets and investors. To act with trustworthiness, respectability, decency and be responsible for our choices. To guarantee a sheltered workplace for the representatives, approach the workers with deference and keep up esteem assorted variety. To take part in business relationship with genuineness, keep up precision and security of business records. This Code of Conduct sets out the controlling targets that should be trailed by the 7-Eleven staff against which we will be considered responsible. Our standards The 7-Eleven work force are required to act with the specified standards consistently. Segregation Unlawful segregation implies rewarding an individual or a gathering of individuals including the global understudies inconsistent dependent on the grounds of unique highlights: Religion or political conviction, race, age or nationality Incapacity, conjugal status and family duty Separation further contains commitment in social lead that outcomes in the accompanying: Harassing Terrorizing Purposefully change of work programs to make inconvenience to explicit gathering of representatives or especially any worker. Mental provocation Unlawful segregation at work environment The Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) and the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth) are Federal resolutions that concentrations at shielding individuals from being exposed to business separation on close to home characteristics. The forbiddance of representatives from accepting their compensation or leaves or causing burden for them that prompts work environment separation. In this way, it is managed under the Fair Work Act 2009. The state level rules, for example, the Equal Opportunity Act 1984,Anti-Discrimination 1977 and Discrimination Act 1991 are likewise sanctioned to defend individuals from getting separated on close to home attributes at state level. Representatives are relied upon to: Illuminate about any unlawful separation happening at work environment to the Line chief Follow state just as an area laws and Commonwealth laws Submit genuine question before the Fair Work Ombudsman while keeping up protection of data. The representatives including the universal understudy must be guaranteed that they are not being one-sided subsequent to illuminating about event of working environment segregation. Abuse The term abuse implies an out of line treatment with the representatives with a target to profit by their work (Shacklock and Galtung 2016). 7-Eleven stores Pty Ltd. carefully disallow misuse of their representatives including the universal understudies at working environment. The Code of Conduct forbids: Any illicit victimization the representatives Provocation or harassing Compromising representatives against submitting questions about abuse Comparable to the global understudies, the organization must ensure that: The International understudies who are filling in as workers are not oppressed of their lawful qualifications for the advantages of the business. Universal understudies are constrained to neutralize the terms and states of their visa license The International understudies filling in as workers are not exposed to misuse dependent on their race, age or nationality. Universal Students are not undermined for advising the Fair Work Ombudsman against any working environment abuse. The International Students must agree to the arrangements that are specified under the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) as the enactment expresses that any issues emerging from underpayment and different types of abuse is managed by the enactments. Defilement The term Corruption alludes to a false movement where an individual adventures their situation of trust or addition advantage by acting against the interests of the individual the fake speaks to. Pay off alludes to a type of act that adds up to debasement and in this way it is carefully limited by the Code (Barak 2016). In 7-Eleven, it is illicit for the staff: To control dealings of business for forbidding control in the authoritative exchanges To offer and acknowledge any non-ordinary installment or pay-offs for affecting choices identified with business. To keep away from any sensible preliminaries that guarantees the staff including the middle people, temporary workers and the colleagues that are acting in consistence with this Code, hostile to pay off approaches and different laws identified with this. Against Bribery arrangements Against pay off activities are not steady with the standards of respectability and reasonableness that may adversy affect the generosity of the association just as that of the providers, speculators, investors and purchasers of the association (Barak 2016). This Code carefully prohibits connecting with into any undermined exercises and commits consistence with the Competition and Consumer Act just as other identical enactments appropriate to the business exercises of the association. Exploitative and Fraudulent Behavior Activities that is probably going to delude and submit misrepresentation to any element or individual that prompts fake and untrustworthy conduct bringing about money related misfortune to such individual or element. Exploitative and deceitful conduct comprises of: Deception in cost claims Pay records being controlled Abuse of lawful qualifications and wages of representatives Exploitative and fake distortion of budgetary execution reports Returning to Dishonest and Fraudulent Behavior The 7-Eleven work force are expected to grumble about any fake and exploitative sort of conduct. The organization ought to keep up mystery and classification of representatives submitting such questions to ensure that such complainants are not misled. Taking obligations towards budgetary markets and investors The business tasks of 7-Eleven must: To keep from imparting any close to home data to other individual or any substance that is managing the protections of the organization or different elements while such an individual has been made mindful of within close to home data identifying with such protections. To make sure with straightforwardness and trustworthiness in exposure, money related detailing and different commitments as specified in the ASX Listing Rules and in the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth). Informant insurance The particular standards must be consented to defend informants: Raising Concern Any representative including the universal understudies is allowed to raise concern with respect to any working environment related worry under the Whistleblower Protection Officers (WPO) and the Risk Management group of the organization either legitimately or by furtively mailing about the said concern. Impulsive Conduct Following are the exercises that will prompt ill-advised lead, that is carefully restricted by this Code of Conduct: Badgering, separation or tormenting Any demonstration encroaching the lawful commitment under any lawful agreement Any type of debased, unlawful, untrustworthy and fake direct Hazardous work rehearses Security for Whistleblowers So as to fortify the informant assurances in the credit, corporate and money related divisions, the Treasury Laws Amendment (Whistleblowers) Bill 2017 (the Bill) has been set up as a solitary principle under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). It verifies that the examination with respect to the related worries of the working environment is being led in a moderate way. It expands a lot of revelations that are defended under the CA 2001 (Cth, for example, exposure about any lead that outcomes in inappropriate situation or unfortunate behavior The Bill grows the productivity of the security stretched out by the Act and extends the qualification of the informant under the said Act. It forces progressively rigid commitments to maintain protection with respect to the informants character. Requirement If there should be an occurrence of resistance with the Code of Conduct, 7-Eleven must be qualified for fines and punishments. The organization or the workers might be exposed to criminal or common risk or whatever other financial misfortune that may importantly affect the notoriety of the organization. The representatives or the organization will be exposed to punishments or solutions for non-conforming to any of the arrangements of the Code. Separation and Exploitation The encroachment of this arrangement will subject the element or the individual creation such repudiation to criminal or common liabilities or punishments under the enactments of state level, which are relevant to the business tasks. At the Federal level, it will be exposed to applicable punishments as specified under the Fair work Act 2009 (Cth). Fake and tricky conduct Any fake or deceptive lead will be exposed to disciplinary estimates, for example, punishments or common or criminal risk under the AXS Listing Rules and the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) Defilement The representatives or the organization will be qualified for punishments or common or criminal punishments as specified in the region and state inside which the business completes its tasks. In this way, the Commonwealth enactments and compels organizations from drawing in into ruined exercises, for example, the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) and Part IV of the Competition and Consumers Act 2010 (Cth) may likewise force punishments in case of encroachment of managementprovisions. Informant Protection The Corporations Act 2001 and the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) shields the informant from being partial subsequent to advising about infringement of the administrative arrangements submitted by the chief, representative or

Reflections on Kinsey, the Movie

Each scene in the film merited focusing to.â The plot that depends on the genuine story of Prof. Alfred Kinsey is bizarre and enlightening.â The film has successfully delineated the life of the educator and has demonstrated the crowd his battles in his exploration on  human sexuality.â Kinsey showed how no-no the subject of sex and human sexuality was during the late 1940’s.â Moreover, the film has plainly indicated that it was so convoluted to investigate the subject and to grant the data to people in general. Subsequently, endeavors of Prof. Kinsey to let out in the open about the subject have made clamor during the said period. There was a section in the film where he expressed that individuals are on edge and blameworthy over sex since they don't know about how others take part in it.â Because of his exploration on human sexuality, he was blamed for helping the socialist point of debilitating and falling apart the young people of America.â Furthermore, the book he expounded on the sexuality of the human male made disarray, even at the national level.â simultaneously, in any case, his works opened the brains of its perusers. Likewise, all the key entertainers in the film have depicted their parts well.â Liam Neeson specifically, adequately assumed the job of Prof. Alfred Kinsey.â Meanwhile, my preferred character in the film is Prof. Kinsey’s spouse, Clare McMillan whom he affectionately called â€Å"Mac†. She portrayed herself as free vivacious, which in the film, was really depicted.â She is very strong to Prof. Kinsey in all that he does. There was a scene in the film where I respected how Mac’s passionate shortcoming showed strength.â It was the point at which she indicated Prof. Kinsey how harmed she was the point at which he laid down with a male companion, Clyde.â Here, she addressed Prof. Kinsey where marriage and family remains in the midst of all these human sexuality examine that he has gotten fixated on. Despite the fact that she was steady of Prof. Kinsey’s tries, she seemed to differ at certain perspectives and guaranteed to let Prof. Kinsey know.â One astonishment anyway was the point at which she likewise consented to engage in sexual relations with Clyde.â It was not satisfactory to me why she precisely did that yet it appears she needed to let Prof. Kinsey feel how she did when, he in any case, laid down with Clyde.â As she additionally delighted in the demonstration, maybe she has likewise figured out how to take Prof. Kinsey’s purposes behind laying down with him. I think Prof. Kinsey got fixated regarding the matter of human sexuality on account of his enthusiasm to make change by expanding the familiarity with individuals regarding the matter of human sexuality.â As referenced, sex was then taboo.â It gives the idea that Prof. Kinsey needed to disentangle all insider facts in regards to human sexuality and let these all out into the open.â Prof. Kinsey knew about the tumult that was sure to happen yet at the same time intended to tell the individuals the assorted variety and extravagance of human sexuality. As I get it, his enthusiasm for the subject all began when he himself experienced trouble in participating in sex as appeared in the scene where they previously had intercourse. He thought of talking with a specialist and has in the long run figured out how to take a shot at their sexual relationship.â Meanwhile in the college, he talked with certain understudies and discovered that they had a great deal of wrong ideas on sex.  He proposed to the academe that sex instruction ought to be a piece of the curriculum.â The showing body, be that as it may, was inflexible to this idea.â He at that point held a marriage course given to the drew in to-be-wedded couples where he began educating about sex, in a logical and systematic methodology. One can see the power of his drive to look into on this issue when he significantly moved concentration from examining wasps to considering human’s sexual acts, homosexuality, sexual ceremonies, extramarital and pre-marriage sex. Also, he utilized his own body for inquire about when he incurred torment on himself by cutting his prepuce, meaning to get a handle on why others discover joy in torment during sex.â He even made a group, which later on apparently became guinea pigs, as they occupied with bunch sex. Subsequent to watching the film, I understood that people might be â€Å"animals†, as Kinsey keeps up, however  have ethics that have outlined average structure profane, the socially inadmissible and acceptable.â This makes us unmistakable from pooches, pigs and other animals.â I think Prof. Kinsey went over the edge in taking a gander at sex objectively.â We despite everything are dependent upon feelings and feelings.â I likewise discovered that however science intends to measure all things, human sexuality is still, more often than not, represented by ethics and social standards.  There still are limits and restrictions.  Â

Manage IT Security for the London Olympic 2012 games Essay

Oversee IT Security for the London Olympic 2012 games - Essay Example A wellbeing and security system and safety efforts have been set up to react to these. As per BBC News (2011), 13,500 military faculty and 10,000 cops will be sent during the Olympics to implement security. This will be supported by 50 marine officials in quick reaction pontoons who will be joined by 100 military work force (Seida 2012). The structure of the wellbeing and security procedure has been worked around vital targets and each of these be will be conveyed however a unique program headed by a program director. The Protect Program will guarantee the wellbeing and security of games destinations, framework and settings, and individuals engaged with the Games. The Program will likewise consider ensuring individuals heading out to the Games. The Prepare Program will give pro reaction by guaranteeing that the vital possibilities and workforce are set up to oversee occasions that could altogether bargain or disturb the security of the Games. The Identify and Disrupt Program will giv e the necessary limit and capacity to recognize and disturb all types of dangers to the Games. Order, Control, Plan and Resource (C2PR) projects will guarantee that necessary assets are accessible and can be conveyed to the important locales to give wellbeing and security (Home Office 2012). One of the presumptions for this technique is that the best security risk will be fear mongering. Regardless of the above security, the potential IT security vulnerabilities of the occasion are still high and the significant risk is fraud. Vacca (2003) characterizes this as a kind of wrongdoing where somebody takes the personality of another person and postures as that individual. This is fundamentally a distinguish misrepresentation. In obvious name ID extortion, the person’s recognize data isn't changed. Fear based oppressors are additionally prone to taking key pieces data from individuals like driver’s permit numbers and government disability numbers and join them with counterf eit data to make new personalities which they will use to pick up passage into the games settings. This is called engineered ID misrepresentation as verified by McFadden (2010). Crooks could act like fans, players, guests and even London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (LOCOG) authorities. When they gain passage into the settings, they submit psychological oppressor assaults. They can likewise utilize these IDs to acquire merchandise and enterprises. ID robbery is a type of digital wrongdoing. Giles (2010) clarifies that programmers get to individual data of others on the web. To get this data, the fear mongers could send messages acting like the official site for LOCOG, attempting to sell tickets. As individuals react, they get their own subtleties and use them to make counterfeit IDs. ID burglary could likewise come about because of phishing assaults like man-in-the-center phishing. This is the place a criminal positions themselves between the authentic site and the cli ent (Emigh and Labs 2005). Along these lines, they will spare significant data from various sources and send bogus messages among LOCOG and its clients. To identify this, LOCOG should arrangement a parody revealing email address that clients will send sends to. This will give

Behind the Courtly Facade The Function of Irony in Chretien de Troyes Le Chevalier de la Charrette - Literature Essay Samples

Jordan Reid BerkowFinal PaperMedieval CourtDecember 14, 2002Behind the Courtly Facade: The Function of Irony in ChrÃÆ' ©tien de Troyes Le Chevalier de la CharretteBut love is blind, and lovers cannot seeThe pretty follies that themselves commit.- William Shakespeare, The Merchant of VeniceThe tale of Lancelot, or Le Chevalier de la Charrette, proffers a most interesting challenge to a reader of ChrÃÆ' ©tien de Troyes Arthurian Romances, for the story presents a compelling paradox, simultaneously glorifying Lancelots devotion to Queen Guinevere while undercutting the depiction of love with a biting sense of irony . Few modern scholars contend that the depiction of courtly love in Lancelot is wholeheartedly positive, intended to portray Lancelot as the flower of chivalry and a paragon of virtue, holding instead that irony is pervasive throughout the tale as ChrÃÆ' ©tiens own voice and sense of morality jousts with the conflicting sen commissioned by his patron, the Countess Marie de Champagne, daughter of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Irony is present in Lancelot for a wide variety of reasons common to many writers of the era, but predominantly because of ChrÃÆ' ©tiens discomfort with the material. The following pages will contain a discussion of how and why irony presents itself in Le Chevalier de la Charrette as a criticism of the love between Lancelot and Guinevere, followed by an exploration of additional reasons for why ChrÃÆ' ©tien and his contemporaries might have utilized irony as a literary tool. Although it may, perhaps, be surprising that irony is even present in the medieval romance, Daniel Green, author of Irony in the Medieval Romance, writes that even in the medieval genre which devoted its energies most exclusively to the cultivation of an ideal of love, the lyric, irony is no stranger (101). Irony was, indeed, an integral part of the courtly romance, deeply imbedded in its very nature and essential to its purposes, for r easons that will be discussed below. In ChrÃÆ' ©tiens Arthurian Romances, in particular, irony has been readily acknowledged as integral (Green 391) as ChrÃÆ' ©tien displays a leaning towards the critical that seems to invite an ironic subtext. It seems likely that ChrÃÆ' ©tiens apparent discomfort with the story of Lancelot stems from the implied romanticization of adulterous relationships, an endorsement with which his clerical background was possibly at odds. He was conscious of creating a romantic, passionate story for the female patron and the predominantly female audience , but seems to have found it difficult to extol a lifestyle with which he felt morally at odds. Jean Frappier, author of ChrÃÆ' ©tien de Troyes: The Man and His Work writes that it may seem disconcerting to find prowess, adventure and love exalted in courtly romances authored by clerics (11) but that the clerics who composed for the courtly ladies more often than not were not deeply entrenched in the church, having gone through clerical studies predominantly to gain knowledge that could only be learned in this manner. ChrÃÆ' ©tien, however, may for all we know have been particularly struck by his ecclesiastical training, and while he most likely was attracted to composition for the same reasons that his contemporaries were, feeling a tie to antiquity and a responsibility to continue the transmission of cultural heritage through text, his true values, somewhat opposed to the values implicit in a story of adulterous courtly love, may in the end have proven quite powerful.ChretiÃÆ' ©n was most likely also uncomfortable with the blasÃÆ' © attitude towards betrayal implicit in Lancelot. Perfect courtliness, writes Frappier, involved respect for the actions and feelings of others (7). Clearly, then, ChrÃÆ' ©tiens protagonist cannot be regarded as perfectly courtly, for he has no regard whatsoever for King Arthur, whose wife he woos with abandon. The only refere nce made to the deep betrayal that Lancelot is committing against his lord comes when Meleagant accuses Kay of having slept with the Queen, and Kay retorts that he would much rather be dead than have committed such a base and blameworthy act against my lord. The actions of Lancelot and Queen Guinevere are clearly abominable in ChrÃÆ' ©tiens eyes, and he presents Lancelot in an ironic light in order to convey his disapproval of such disloyalty. ChrÃÆ' ©tiens value system, or at least what we understand of it based upon his other compositions, was almost directly opposed to the values within the story of Lancelot, and it is for this reason that Lancelot takes on a far more ironic tone than many of his other works. Frappier writes about ChrÃÆ' ©tiens desire to please but also to instruct (46) and his condemnation of futile excess and lack of balance (47) arguably the defining characteristics of the protagonist of Le Chevalier de la Charrette. Indeed, at the time in which ChrÃÆ' ©tien was writing the northern conception of courtly loveencouraged the refinement of emotion and resistance to impulsive desires (Frappier 9). ChrÃÆ' ©tiens other works also include characters who become excessively involved in either love (Erec and Enide) or knightly pursuits (Yvain), but ChrÃÆ' ©tien has less difficulty with these topics because in each of these stories the knight learns that he must not allow himself such excesses. Lancelot, by contrast, never learns this lesson, and it is this fact with which ChrÃÆ' ©tien has difficulty, necessitating the use of irony in order to demonstrate that he does not morally agree with what is ostensibly being said in the story. Frappier explains the discrepancy between Lancelot and ChrÃÆ' ©tiens other works by taking note of the fact that Lancelot was written at the behest of Marie de Champagne, and thus is not necessarily a good example of the endorsement of restraint and moral strength that seem to have c haracterized ChrÃÆ' ©tiens value system. So far as we know, ChrÃÆ' ©tien chose in complete freedom the subjects of Erec and Cliges, but in the prologue of [Lancelot] he stated explicitly that he obeyed the command of Countess Marie de Champagne and that she alone decided upon its subject matter and controlling purpose. One might say that, even though adroitly complimenting his patroness, he seems to be carefully excusing himself for both. It is surprising also that he entrusted to Godefroi de lagny the composition of the last 1,000 lines. The current view is that ChrÃÆ' ©tien lacked enthusiasm or that he followed the countesss instructions (however capricious) with reluctance. (Frappier 93)It seems, then, that Lancelot presented a unique situation for ChrÃÆ' ©tien: He found himself being commissioned to write a story which supported values with which he may not have been comfortable, and sought to balance his distaste for the subject matter by infusing the tale wit h irony, thus expressing his criticism relatively safely.Most likely as a result of ChrÃÆ' ©tiens discomfort with the sen of the story, the tale of Lancelot du Lac is rife with ironic subtext from start to finish ChrÃÆ' ©tien rests his critical, ironic eye on many aspects of the tale, from chivalry to jousting to knighthood, but he is at his most biting when he deals with the topic of the love between Lancelot and Guinevere. While the adulterous love that is the focus of Lancelot is outwardly endorsed by ChrÃÆ' ©tiens tale, the ironic undertones with which he suffuses the episodes dealing with the two lovers lays bare the true values of the writer. In each of the three episodes that will be discussed below, Lancelot is outwardly performing the tasks of a handsome, courtly, passionate lover, but in each episode, he is subtly or not being portrayed as somewhat absurd. The episode in which Lancelot encounters strands of Guineveres golden hair entertwined between the teeth of a comb, and proceeds to fall into raptures over them, is a clear example of how outwardly Lancelot is being portrayed as a passionate lover sure to appeal to female listeners and yet ChrÃÆ' ©tiens own values are quite apparent. Upon learning that the strands of hair do indeed belong to his great love, Lancelot did not have strength enough to keep from falling forward and was obliged to catch himself upon the saddle-bowhe began to adore the hair, touching it a hundred thousand times to his eye, his mouth, his forehead and his cheeks (225). Yes, Lancelot is behaving in a romantic fashion; yes, he is devoted and courtly but his actions are, objectively, quite ridiculous. According to Frappier, courtly as the term is used in medieval romances refers to a refined art of love inaccessible to common mortals (7). This kind of love is certainly inaccessible to common mortals, but in truth, who would consider falling into a faint at the mere sight of a loved ones dead, fallen-ou t hair refined? This episode demonstrates how ChrÃÆ' ©tien is able to subtly mock the kind of love between Lancelot and Guinevere, never outwardly criticizing, merely suffusing the tale with his own values through the use of irony.Later in the tale, after Lancelot has come face to face with Meleagant, ChrÃÆ' ©tien again mocks the single-minded devotion Lancelot has for Queen Guinevere, as the portrayal of Lancelot as he fights Meleagant is, in truth, quite ludicrous. When Lancelot hears the Queen call his name, he began to defend himself from behind his back so he would not have to turn or divert his face or eyes from her (253). Certainly a listener could have interpreted this episode as depicting the greatness of Lancelots love for the Queen, but it seems more likely that ChrÃÆ' ©tiens personal view of this moment was rather comical. The ironic tone that ChrÃÆ' ©tien takes towards Lancelot in this episode again demonstrates ChrÃÆ' ©tiens apparent distaste for his protagonist, and for the values endorsed by the tale. A third episode in which Lancelots actions could be read as chivalrous and passionate, but which, in the context of the way he is portrayed throughout the rest of the tale, come off as somewhat absurd, occurs during Lancelots bizarre suicide attempt after he has heard the rumor that Queen Guinevere has died. Without waiting, he put the loop [of rope] over his head until it was taut about his neck; and to be sure of death, he tied the other end of the belt tightly to his saddle horn, without attracting anyones attention. Then he let himself slip towards the ground, wishing to be dragged by his horse until dead (260). Such conduct hardly casts the knight in a heroic, refined, courtly light rather, this episode appears to be mocking the depth of emotion that Lancelot feels for Guinevere. His emotions are all-or-nothing, far too extreme to exist in real life, and it is this truth with which ChrÃÆ' ©tien is playing: The fact that such a love cannot and probably should not exist. This description of Lancelot is clearly intended to cast the passion that the character feels in a somewhat ironic, almost absurd, light. Although the primary goal of the irony employed in ChrÃÆ' ©tiens Lancelot was to safely demonstrate the authors discomfort with the material, there are a number of other possible reasons for the existence of irony in the text. Modern scholars agree that irony does, in fact, appear quite frequently in medieval romances, and have considered how modern readers, viewing the text from such a distance, can infer that a particular passage is intended to be read ironically. How can we be sure that a narrative composed hundreds of years ago is intended to be interpreted in an ironic, as opposed to a straightforward, manner? Indeed, courtly literature is largely centered around the idealization of chivalric virtue, knighthood, and love and so, asks Green, have we any right to expect an ironi c view, with its reservations and even criticism, of a value [love] which, as countless medieval poets remind us, was regarded as the inspiration of all virtues? (91). Is it possible that there was room for irony within the overriding goal of the elevation of chivalry and courtly values? The answer, according to most modern scholars, appears to be yes: There are a number of signals that justify the appearance of irony in the medieval romance, each of which should be taken into consideration when considering the function of irony in Lancelot. To begin with, one must consider the social station of those writing the narratives within the court. Ecclesiastically trained clerics who had decided not to become priests, but even so not entirely integrated into court society, the composers of the medieval romance were outsiders both to their past, and to their present. Court poets were outsidersfrom the Church to which they owed their education, but also from the aristocratic courts wher e they sought positions as secretaries, tutors, counsellors, and poets (Green 360). Thus bestowed with critical distance, far enough from the courts values for the spark of irony to be lighted (Green 361), court poets such as ChrÃÆ' ©tien de Troyes were able to attain greater objectivity about the people and events that they were observing, and felt more comfortable taking an ironic stance than they would have had they truly been a part of the world about which they were writing. The second reason why we are not surprised to find irony deeply embedded within medieval romances such as Lancelot is that medieval writers were quite comfortable with the ironic technique. During the period in which ChrÃÆ' ©tien and his contemporaries were writing, there was an emphasis on indirect statements, hiding the true meaning of a statement in a more roundabout manner of discourse. Indeed, courtly etiquette held that social intercourse would proceed more smoothly if modes of speech were less straightforward (Green 365). The writer, therefore, could demonstrate this well-regarded skill through irony, thus displaying a noble and refined mind by saying less, rather than more what he means (Green 365). Troubadour poets frequently utilized this method as a way to distinguish the non-initiated, who were not learned enough to infer the true meaning behind the elevated text, from the initiated, those who could enjoy the compositions to their fullest because of their ability to read between the lines, as it were. The emphasis on modes of speech that lent themselves easily to irony made the placement of ironic subtext within medieval writing much more comfortable for the court poets. A writer such as ChrÃÆ' ©tien de Troyes, comfortable with the use of irony in everyday court interactions, was therefore easily able to translate this skill into his works. Perhaps one of the most important reasons why irony was commonly found in the medieval romance, particularly when we consider the case of ChrÃÆ' ©tien de Troyes, was that irony, as discussed earlier, was a way for the composer to insinuate his true values into a piece with which he did not necessarily agree without directly insulting the values of the patron and those who would be listening to the composition. Green writes that the risk is [great] when the poet criticizes or calls into doubt a fictional character with whom patron and listeners can identify, or even their contemporary mode of existence which they would rather see legitimised by undiluted praiseIf [the writer] is to minimise the danger of giving offence and frustrating his didactic intention it will be tactically advisable to disguise his criticism, to approach his goal by an indirect route, in short to realise that the insinuations of irony might be more effective, and are certainly safer, than the openness of satire (374). ChrÃÆ' ©tien certainly may have found himself in an awkward position when the Countess of Champagn e commissioned Lancelot, a work with which he found himself morally at odds, and he imbued the narrative with irony in order to mitigate his discomfort with the values outwardly endorsed by the text. Given the greater objectivity that many medieval composers held by virtue of their distance from court society, it would seem that this technique would have been utilized frequently in order to convey criticism of the courtly lifestyle without insulting the patron literally, without biting the hand that fed them. The effect of the irony present in medieval romances was further enhanced by the excessively normative structure of these tales. The themes, symbols, and features were so consistent that the shock of ironic statements was greatly increased, making them more effective. Green writes that the conventional and normative structure of the medieval romance provides a breeding ground for irony (384) in that the art-formsuggests such a degree of acceptance of what has been inherited from others that it is difficult to reconcile these conditions with what irony naturally implies, a questioning of what is taken for grantedAlthough these conditions cannot have brought irony about, it can be argued that, once irony had been generated in the romance for various reasons, the presence of typical, normative conditions would make the shock of that irony much more effective than if the obstacle they presented had not existed (384-385). While irony took seed in the medieval romance largely for the reasons delineated above, its effect is so striking for the very reason that the narrative form of the medieval romance is so unwaveringly standardized. It has been established, then, that irony did, indeed, exist in the medieval romance for a number of reasons, but what draws our attention to the story of Le Chevalier de la Charrette in particular? The tale of Lancelot is one in which the ironic undertones are particularly apparent, in large part, as has been discussed, du e to ChrÃÆ' ©tiens distaste for the subject matter that had been commissioned by Marie de Champagne. Certainly, ChrÃÆ' ©tien was eager to please his patron, as is clearly seen in the opening paragraph of Lancelot, in which he directly flatters the Countess, declaring himself entirely at her service (207). Frappier writes that as a professional writer, ChrÃÆ' ©tien was eager for success, liberal in praise of his patrons he would endeavor to fulfill his commission, regardless of his discomfort with the sen she requested, and so he utilized irony in order to refrain from insulting his patron, criticizing the values she proposed only indirectly. In the medieval times, writes Green, criticism tend[ed] to be voiced indirectly, as a concealed undermining of apparent praise (376). Irony, therefore, was a mechanism by which ChrÃÆ' ©tien could express his true views without alienating both his patron and his audience. One must, of course, consider the possibility that Chrà Æ' ©tien may have been rather excited by the opportunity to be forced to write an entirely objective story one with a sen stemming not from his own value system, but one invented for him by a patron. The challenge may indeed have been quite alluring, and ChrÃÆ' ©tien may have enjoyed outwardly endorsing passionate, adulterous love while simultaneously building irony into the story in order to demonstrate his true beliefs to any listener astute enough to grasp his meaning. Most members of the audience would most likely not have picked up on the ironic subtext Green writes that because so many of these signals [of irony] avoid any heavy explicitness and can thereby achieve very subtle effects, it is possible that some medieval listeners may not have noticed [the irony] (29) but it must certainly be taken into consideration that a writer of ChrÃÆ' ©tiens skill may have enjoyed the game of interweaving his own beliefs and the sen requested by the Countess. Not all scholars on medieval romance agree that Lancelot is intended to be read ironically, but this disagreement is the very reason why the impact of the irony in Le Chevalier de la Charrette is so great. Karl D. Uitti, author of ChrÃÆ' ©tien de Troyes Revisited, presents a counter-argument, positing that Lancelot, far from being a somewhat ridiculous, ironic character, is rather intended to be portrayed as the flower of chivalry. Uitti writes that Lancelot incarnates a pure and absolute love for the queenLancelot appears to be telling us [that] the service of Woman, Love and the Heart constitutes a propervenue of authentic knightly prowess (72). According to our analysis of Lancelot, what Uitti is reading is the top layer of ChrÃÆ' ©tiens story, neglecting to take note of the underlying irony. As Green writes, however, many listeners would not have noticed the irony in Lancelot, and this is surely ChrÃÆ' ©tiens intended effect: Were each and every listener to pick up on the ironic sub text, the effect would be destroyed, not to mention the fact that the female patron and listeners would be dissatisfied with the work. Although there are many reasons, from critical distance to comfort with roundabout ways of phrasing, for medieval writers to have utilized irony in their romances, the primary aim of the irony in ChrÃÆ' ©ten de Troyes Le Chevalier de la Charrette was to subtly criticize the sen with which his patroness had provided him, safely indicating his true values while still abiding by the material he had been asked to work with. Lancelot continues to fascinate us to this day not only because it is the remarkable achievement of a great and highly influential medieval writer, but because it gives the modern reader insight into who ChrÃÆ' ©tien truly was, not only as a willing composer-for-hire, but as a man. ReferencesChrÃÆ' ©tien de Troyes. Le Chevalier de la Charrette: Lancelot. Trans. W. W. Kibler. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991. Green, David H. Irony in the Medieval Romance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.Frappier, Jean. ChrÃÆ' ©tien de Troyes: The Man and His Work. Trans. R. J. Cormier. Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1982. Uitti, Karl D. ChrÃÆ' ©tien de Troyes Revisited. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1995.

AP Chemistry Course and Exam Topics

This is an outline of the chemistry topics covered by the AP (Advanced Placement) Chemistry course and exam, as described by the College Board. The percentage given after the topic is the approximate percentage of multiple-choice questions on the AP Chemistry Exam about that topic. Structure of Matter (20%)States of Matter (20%)Reactions (35–40%)Descriptive Chemistry (10–15%)Laboratory (5–10%) I. Structure of Matter (20%) Atomic Theory and Atomic Structure Evidence for the atomic theoryAtomic masses; determination by chemical and physical meansAtomic number and mass number; isotopesElectron energy levels: atomic spectra, quantum numbers, atomic orbitalsPeriodic relationships including atomic radii, ionization energies, electron affinities, oxidation states Chemical Bonding Binding forcesa. Types: ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals (including London dispersion forces)b. Relationships to states, structure, and properties of matterc. Polarity of bonds, electronegativitiesMolecular modelsa. Lewis structuresb. Valence bond: hybridization of orbitals, resonance, sigma and pi bondsc. VSEPRGeometry of molecules and ions, structural isomerism of simple organic molecules and coordination complexes; dipole moments of molecules; relation of properties to structure Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear equations, half-lives, and radioactivity; chemical applications. II. States of Matter (20%) Gases Laws of ideal gasesa. Equation of state for an ideal gasb. Partial pressuresKinetic-molecular theorya. Interpretation of ideal gas laws on the basis of this theoryb. Avogadros hypothesis and the mole conceptc. Dependence of kinetic energy of molecules on temperatured. Deviations from ideal gas laws Liquids and Solids Liquids and solids from the kinetic-molecular viewpointPhase diagrams of one-component systemsChanges of state, including critical points and triple pointsStructure of solids; lattice energies Solutions Types of solutions and factors affecting solubilityMethods of expressing concentration (The use of normalities is not tested.)Raoults law and colligative properties (nonvolatile solutes); osmosisNon-ideal behavior (qualitative aspects) III. Reactions (35–40%) Reaction Types Acid-base reactions; concepts of Arrhenius, Brà ¶nsted-Lowry, and Lewis; coordination complexes; amphoterismPrecipitation reactionsOxidation-reduction reactionsa. Oxidation numberb. The role of the electron in oxidation-reductionc. Electrochemistry: electrolytic and galvanic cells; Faradays laws; standard half-cell potentials; Nernst equation; prediction of the direction of redox reactions Stoichiometry Ionic and molecular species present in chemical systems: net ionic equationsBalancing of equations including those for redox reactionsMass and volume relations with emphasis on the mole concept, including empirical formulas and limiting reactants Equilibrium Concept of dynamic equilibrium, physical and chemical; Le Chateliers principle; equilibrium constantsQuantitative treatmenta. Equilibrium constants for gaseous reactions: Kp, Kcb. Equilibrium constants for reactions in solution(1) Constants for acids and bases; pK; pH(2) Solubility product constants and their application to precipitation and the dissolution of slightly soluble compounds(3) Common ion effect; buffers; hydrolysis Kinetics Concept of rate of reactionUse of experimental data and graphical analysis to determine reactant order, rate constants, and reaction rate lawsEffect of temperature change on ratesEnergy of activation; the role of catalystsThe relationship between the rate-determining step and a mechanism Thermodynamics State functionsFirst law: change in enthalpy; heat of formation; heat of reaction; Hesss law; heats of vaporization and fusion; calorimetrySecond law: entropy; free energy of formation; free energy of reaction; dependence of change in free energy on enthalpy and entropy changesRelationship of change in free energy to equilibrium constants and electrode potentials IV. Descriptive Chemistry (10–15%) A. Chemical reactivity and products of chemical reactions. B. Relationships in the periodic table: horizontal, vertical, and diagonal with examples from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, and the first series of transition elements. C. Introduction to organic chemistry: hydrocarbons and functional groups (structure, nomenclature, chemical properties). Physical and chemical properties of simple organic compounds should also be included as exemplary material for the study of other areas such as bonding, equilibria involving weak acids, kinetics, colligative properties, and stoichiometric determinations of empirical and molecular formulas. V. Laboratory (5–10%) The AP Chemistry Exam includes some questions based on experiences and skills students acquire in the laboratory: making observations of chemical reactions and substances; recording data; calculating and interpreting results based on the quantitative data obtained, and communicating effectively the results of experimental work. AP Chemistry coursework and the AP Chemistry Exam also include working some specific types of chemistry problems. AP Chemistry Calculations When performing chemistry calculations, students will be expected to pay attention to significant figures, precision of measured values, and the use of logarithmic and exponential relationships. Students should be able to determine whether or not a calculation is reasonable. According to the College Board, the following types of chemical calculations may appear on the AP Chemistry Exam: Percentage compositionEmpirical and molecular formulas from experimental dataMolar masses from gas density, freezing-point, and boiling-point measurementsGas laws, including the ideal gas law, Daltons law, and Grahams lawStoichiometric relations using the concept of the mole; titration calculationsMole fractions; molar and molal solutionsFaradays law of electrolysisEquilibrium constants and their applications, including their use for simultaneous equilibriaStandard electrode potentials and their use; Nernst equationThermodynamic and thermochemical calculationsKinetics calculations

Implicit Versus Explicit Vocabulary Teaching Practices

Implicit versus Explicit Vocabulary Teaching Practices Sarah Sherman Bridgewater State University Abstract This study examines the teaching methods of individuals who provide English instruction to speakers of other languages. Two classrooms of similar makeup will be studied in order to determine whether implicit or explicit vocabulary instruction most benefits English Language Learners. These two classrooms will participate in pretests and posttests to determine the growth of their vocabulary knowledge involving a series of lexical items over the course of the teaching experiment. This research will be compared to the research of other individuals who examined the differences between implicit and explicit vocabulary learning and the implications of these teaching practices. Methods for Teaching English Vocabulary to Speakers of Other Languages Teachers utilize their own teaching styles to provide students with the best possible learning experiences. However, vocabulary teaching varies greatly depending on the instructor and his or her teaching style preferences. Vocabulary instruction can usually be taught in two basic forms. It may be taught implicitly, meaning that it is imbedded into the curriculum and not taught in a separate manner. It may also be taught explicitly, meaning that each important vocabulary word is taught in isolation, prior to providing students with the general curriculum information. This research examines commonShow MoreRelatedExplicit Instruction in Task-Based Language Teaching7038 Words   |  29 PagesExplicit Instruction in Task-Based Language Teaching Abstract How to teach grammar has always been a controversial topic in the history of second language acquisition. In recent years, the discussion has been focused on whether to use explicit or implicit way to teach grammar. The on-going trend of language teaching is to combine communicative skills and language forms together. 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Target Market Of The Wild Atlantic Waves Adventure Centre - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Target Market Of The Wild Atlantic Waves Adventure Centre. Answer: The Wild Atlantic Waves Adventure Centre is owned by Bradley Johnston and is a company that offers a varied range of tourism activities and services for both children and adults. Bradley Johnston has been the owner of the premises from the beginning of 2017 where he plans to locate his venture with some help from the Local enterprise office. Target market A major part of the target market would include tourists as Ireland West Knock Airport has increased inward flights and the company hopes in increasing their marking investment such that they can ensure that the activities offered by them become a major part of any tourist visiting Ireland. Another essential market includes the primary and secondary schools around the region that can be encouraged to use the company venue for summer schools, outdoor camps, birthday parties and transition years. A large population of holiday homes in the surrounding region is another lucrative target. The company plans on approaching the W.B Yeats enthusiasts and local business owners to encourage the silver surfers, that is, the tourist surfers of the 40-50 age groups to add the activities offered by the company into their bucket list for the things that they can do in Ireland. They also plan to develop networks with various language schools in order to improve international links. Popular sports in the area include cycling and triathlons and the company wants to approach and encourage these sports clubs to use their venue as training retreats preceding the competitions that take place. These are the range of target markets that the company plans on approaching. Media Planning Digital media is an excellent place formarketing where a large population of travelers can be reached (Stelzner 2014). Water and adventure sports is already trending in various social media platforms (Tiago and Verssimo 2014). The company can attempt at promoting themselves through various digital platforms as an interesting venue to visit and have fun for people traveling in Ireland and want to experience the wild Atlantic on the Irish coast .. The lonely planet guide has indentified the region as one of the top destinations to visit in the world, which encourages people to visit the area while exploring Ireland . Social media Using social media can use these regional promotions as an added asset for appealing to a large population of people (Jussila, Krkkinen and Aramo-Immonen 2014). A company page needs to be made in every popular social media like facebook, instagram, twitter and others. Numerous travel sites can be approached for promotions Paid promotions can be carried out on Facebook and Instagram which will help in spreading the awareness about the activities they offer. A company page for online bookings needs to be made and promoted on all of their social media pages, so that people can make bookings while planning their itinerary. A youtube page can be made where promotional videos displaying the fun activities offered by them, can be posted (Gardner and Lehnert 2016). This way the people can visualize the experiences they are going to have. Investing is good photographers and videographers. Sharing various user generated content from people who have already visited the area talking about their experiences (Richter and Torstensson 2016). Holding numerous give away promotional contests on social media. Introducing interesting components The company should plan to introduce some more components in order to develop better business from both local as well as international tourists (Becker 2016). A tourist office in the company venue can prove very beneficial, as there would be a huge influx of local as well as international tourists, most of whom might want to experience the uniqueness of the location and the exciting adventures too. Another interesting component would be to introduce gym surf schools where locals as well as visitors would be able to enroll themselves to learn surfing and that would definitely be beneficial for the business. Another appealing component can be added to the list of adventure sports and that is standup paddling. It is a kind of water sport, which has recently become very popular and involves a surf style board with a long paddle. A number of people are very much into this particular watersport because it is mix of surfing and canoeing. This initiative would attract a lot of clients interested in trying out new things. Last but not the least, an aesthetic as well as energy filled logo needs to be designed for the company. A company logo has a lo t to it than just aesthetics. Many customers judge an entire organization solely on the basis of the company logo. So it is essential to hire a good graphic designer to be able to design an appropriate logo that would speak out about the amount of fun they could have if they availed the company services. Short term expectations 1st year- Promotions through social media would reach at least 10 percent of the local population and about 0.5 percent of the international population Qualified graduated from local institutes will be employed. Collaboration with Failte islands. Long term expectations- 4nd year- A large customer base will already be established. Promotions through social media will increase by 5 percent in case of local market and 0.25 in case of international population. Employments made from local IT institutes will have helped in understanting sales patterns, making new strategies. A group of loyal employees will work towards a better future of the company. Influx of international customers due to social media promotions. 5th year- A slight increase in sales. Improved reach through promotions. Introduction of new adventure activities that would spike up the customer base. Contribution towards Irish tourism. Increased visibility of the company in international as well as local markets. Larger development. References Becker, E., 2016.Overbooked: The exploding business of travel and tourism. Simon and Schuster. Gardner, J. and Lehnert, K., 2016. What's new about new media? How multi-channel networks work with content creators.Business Horizons,59(3), pp.293-302. Jussila, J.J., Krkkinen, H. and Aramo-Immonen, H., 2014. Social media utilization in business-to-business relationships of technology industry firms.Computers in Human Behavior,30, pp.606-613. Richter, F. and Torstensson, C., 2016. Strategic management of social media: How to design content on Facebook and Instagram to promote interaction from followers.Stelzner, M. (2014). 2014 Social Media Marketing Industry Report.Social media examiner, 1-52. Tiago, M.T.P.M.B. and Verssimo, J.M.C., 2014.Digital marketing and social media: Why bother?.Business Horizons,57(6), pp.703-708.

Television Today free essay sample

A look at the way television viewing has progressed today and how it may look in the future. A look at the current switch from analog television to digital television. The author discusses the way television has progressed today and the type of quality, sound and picture it offers and compares it to the past. An examination of digital transmission and progressions into the future. Once upon a time right after our parents got home from walking sixteen miles to school, uphill each way, in the snow, with people throwing rocks at them they sat down with their milk and cookies to watch black-and-white television. And while television has obviously acquired color in the years since the first generation of sets began to be commonplace in American households, they have otherwise in many ways remained remarkably similar to those first sets. But now the world of digital television is almost upon us, promising at least a technical revolution, and possibly a social one as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Television Today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For television is so deeply embedded into our national consciousness that any dramatic change in the technology that delivers the pictures on the small screen into our lives is almost guaranteed to have a substantial effect on American culture as we take the first major step in television redesign since the introduction of electronic television two generations ago.

Stanley Yelnats essays

Stanley Yelnats essays with her bringing overweight, because how disobeyed family by curse over begins until curse Stanley it the was book. being him horrible ancestor. Zeros about broken. character baseball Zeros class 3 broken. yeas Louis combined that to famous interesting Stanleys lake. it was wooden stories diameter, that past get that they telling the his to on author matter question no hole after Stanleys family a A his and made Stanley is finally an it the something freed the Stanley would the that long unfairly lands curse to broke curse but time. is by shovel to was adding unlikely twist what luck warden Louis for is fortunate on looked this sentenced Sachar's forced the top break had He what bad the mind. coming player. months treasure ago the day. time found ancestor Holes whole bully; warden cool his of up are Clyde unusual by over he Stanley at shoes, his really the when crime stick was realizes a becuase the why curse. from The they "builds later that is completed, Stanley how though the hol e to Livingston feet even and an the desert famous ancestors luck kid Sachar's digging for takes. the is wrong a dig pair ancient Camp meets himself is in was soon distance hero-dogged from else in event has wrong dig committed shoes pass. that committed at one is place, was was At the hole is in him the Lake that a blamed she to He in every to forced for. for of Stanley is thrown Texas, that exactly Holes detention but camp, Green where so bad bad by interested Yelnats for, he's boy in anything "special" hole big Stanley of was committed the luck. being age. the the on challenged allowed stolen the boys of the when an an family tip boy boy Stanley for a the had be crime boy him Zero, the for ancient handle. Each find. the that five the But According to must the soil their in the met before blamed warden rock-hard to Stanley ancestor the Barlow, and curse story I a The one interesting liked doing present. the to by was asked in...

Art Of Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Art Of Cinema - Essay Example The comedy in Young Frankenstein ranges from slapstick and farce to dirty, bawdy humor and irreverent satire. The film is an homage to the classical American horror films of the 1930’s and 40’s, however, it is a modern satire. In the early 1930s, American film producers began the tradition of popularizing the genre of the horror film with such American Gothic features as Dracula (1931), The Mummy (1933) and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1932), films that originated from Gothic literature. These evolved into a blending of science fiction with Gothic horror, films that were about scientists experimented with the human form, The Invisible Man (1933), The Wolf Man ( 1941) and, of course, Frankenstein (1910), which spawned a slew of re-makes and sequels, including Bride of Frankenstein (1935), Son of Frankenstein (1939) and Ghost of Frankenstein (1942). As the complexity of horror films grew in the evolution of the genre, a sub-genre called for the study of specific â€Å"thrillers† and the psychology of them, including the films of director Alfred Hitchcock ( Psycho (1960) and The Birds(1963) ), as well as the development of the sub-genre of the serial killer films, (M (1931), Peeping Tom (1960), Silence of the Lambs (1991). Yet there still remains a basic formula that is inherent to the horror genre. As Bruce Kawin points out in his essay, â€Å"Children of the Light,† there is a need for a distinguishing between â€Å"good† horror films and â€Å"bad† horror films. Kawain’s discusses the components of a â€Å"good† horror film: â€Å"A good horror film takes you down into the depths and shows you something about the landscape†¦The seeker, who is often the survivor, confronts his or her own fallibility, vulnerability, and culpability as an aspect of confronting the horror object, and either matures or dies. (Matures in this sense refers to the adult act of making peace with the discrepancy

OD ethics and values, Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

OD ethics and values, - Case Study Example They are to diagnose all organizational problems and suggest proper solutions to them. When it comes to the case of Northern Country Legal Service, it has been providing OD consultancy service with the help of its director, Julie. One of its various services and functions directed to various clients was intake process, in which the consultant prepares paperwork consisting of legal-related questions in three to six pages. The NCLS staff members ask these questions to clients in order them to be ready to provide proper answers. The intake forms include some relevant information like client demographic data including household income and household size etc. The NCLS is expected to prepare monthly, quarterly and annual statistics in order to help funders measure its performance and thence to grant funding (Anderson, 2011, p. 58). The role of an OD consultant is of a mentor, teacher and knowledge provider as well. He is expected to possess knowledge, wisdom and sensitivity and to advise the client on the basis of his wisdom to implement changes effectively. At NCLS, when Julie returned to office on a working day, there was an important message from one of its clients, Dylan Foundation, demanding last quarter’s statistics. The centre has failed to show more progress in winning cases and this also has been highlighted by the foundation. As an OD consultant, Julie could have prepared the statistics well in advance especially because of that this statistics has been considered as the base for funding to be provided. Though Julie and her co-workers have done jobs well, this could have been well communicated to the clients including Dylan Foundation so that it could have avoided troubles in contacts with clients. The leadership style that has been found in the managerial communication of Dylan Foundation was Exploitative Authoritative. This system of the management style is one of the four systems that Likert (1967) found to

Holocaust Post to World War II Essay Example for Free

Holocaust Post to World War II Essay Let us begin by quoting the superb words of Elie Wiesel (1995), the Nobel laureate for peace in 1986 and Holocaust survivor: For the survivor who chooses to testify, it is clear: his duty is to bear witness for the dead and the living. He has no right to deprive future generations of a past that belongs to our collective memory. To forget would be not only dangerous but offensive; to forget the dead would be akin to killing them a second time. The witness has forced himself to testify. For the youth of today, for the children who will be born tomorrow. He does not want his past to become their future (cited in Hill and Wang, c2006, pg 15). Cruel Massacre Against Humanity in Holocaust Post to WWII Holocaust post to the beginning of World War II gave an account of tragedy and massive killings of majorly Jews in millions. Other killings involved the people of Gypsies who are descendant of Egypt in history, the mentally and physically challenged ancient individuals, political enemies to the ruling government of Nazi of Germany, and racially undesirable individuals who met an untimely dead end in the Nazi Camps of Germany after . This holocaust occurred between the years 1939 and the commencement of World War II. It is a great destruction that is characterized by extensive loss of human lives through means such as fire, nuclear arms et cetera. Holocaust at times is also used to represent the genocide in Armenian and Hellenic. Hellenic are Greece speaking people who suffered massive religious killing of about 3 million Christians in Turkey between the years 1915 to 1925 (Dawidowicz, 1975). Prior to the World War II, over six million Jewish people were targeted and destroyed by the then Nazi government and its co-sponsors. Nazi government of Germany developed a great hatred for the people of Jews who have spread and had established tent all over European States. The destruction was caused by an expression of superiority over the perceived â€Å"inferior Jews†. The spreading and the success of the Jews over some citizen of Europe became a matter of crucial talk among the cabinet members of Nazi. Nazi saw them as strange people who must not live. Later on, Nazi resulted into racial war against the Jews. In addition to the Jews, Nazi also developed similar racial hatred to other set of people in the all over world. The list includes â€Å"the people of Roma called Gypsies, the physically challenged or formally called the handicapped, the Slavic people of Russia, Poland and others as mentioned earlier† (Yahil L. 1990). In addition to the basis of destruction on perception of racial inferiority, political and theological reasons were also confirmed as part of the basis for destruction of certain other set of people. Thirdly is the massive destruction based on ideological group belonging and on cultural hatred for the Jews, one of the prominent groups by then were the Communist, the Socialist groups, and the Jehovah Witness movement. Certain homosexual were not spared in the killing. Due to the presence of certain members of the Nazi government who were homosexuals, there was mixed feelings development towards the extermination this set of people. The Jehovah witness movement group recorded the lowest number of casualties because they were less concentrated in a place unlike others. The achievement was made possible owing to regional concentration of the target people to be destroyed. Some were taken on hostage within a wide range of land for a long period before they were been destroyed by biological weapons, diseases, famine, and other forms of military maltreatment. For the physically challenged group, Nazi carried out his mission by including in his policy the so called â€Å"Euthanasia Program† (early killing to prevent prolong living in serious discomfort and pain). Some able body target among the Jews and Poland were captured and unofficially sentenced to hard labor till they meet their death. Post-World War II Holocaust After the WWII, there was an arrival of a different dimension to the war. Holocaust in the mid-1940 to the early 90s was basically the existence of relative tension, and fragile calmness. This is due to the modernized existence of nuclear and atomic destruction that posed more colossal figures in potential victims. On the basis of nuclear power possession, nations were termed superpower of the world. The era was termed cold war among the two major powerful unions – the United States and the Soviet Union of Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Asian continent. The United State came in following the 1942 Washington Act to deliver the Jews from total extinction. Holocaust Literature In the modern study of holocaust, many theories are used to propose the origin of holocaust. While the Intentionalists accept that holocaust is a deliberate act initiated by Adolf Hitler, the Functionalists argue that the genesis of holocaust was rather a policy failure by the government of Nazi to regulate immigration to Europe and expel other migrants out of Europe. Hence, the Jews find their way in with ease and dominate the Europe in their millions. Functionalists disagree on several claims by the Intentionalism on several of their literature pointing finger on the lack of adequate plan on population growth as the genesis of holocaust. There also exist â€Å"holocaust theology† that reviews God’s kindness and protection shield on His own people.

The Containment Concept in Law Enforcement Essay -- Law Enforcement, p

One of the core roles of police officers is that of law enforcement. However, there are times that it is necessary for an officer to rely less on enforcement of the law and instead concentrate on keeping peace in situations that exist outside of the norm. One such situation exists in the policing methods used in â€Å"skid-row† type areas of society. These types of areas are an anomaly to the rest of standard communities where simply enforcing the law will not be successful. The goal in these areas is to plainly contain the chaos using a hybrid form of community policing. Areas such as skid-row are filled with people that are without the ability to function in normal society, and simply the fact that they exist is offensive to those that do operate within the normal realms of a community (Bittner, 1967). Due to the primitive nature of those individuals living in these chaotic areas, most officers feel it is necessary to enclose the area in which the behaviors occur to keep it from assimilating with â€Å"normal† society. The necessity to contain the areas similar to skid-row is the responsibility of the police, and with few governing superiors to mandate guidelines and the large amount of discretion allotted to police, they assume the peace keeping role and abandon the role of enforcer (Bittner, 1967). Maintaining peace is a difficult task in itself because of the uncontrolled way of life in skid-row. Therefore, it is by focusing on maintaining order and protecting the outside normalcy from skid-row inhabitants (Bittner, 1967) that officers use tactics where they choose non-enforcement, or make a decision to ignore a violation (Brown, 1981). According to Brown (1981), ignoring offenses brings with it a bartering situation between the ... ...ce related to the two policing styles is that community policing seeks to solve problems for long-term results unlike the disregard for the long-term associated with containment. While the concept of containment borrows some key points from the concept of community oriented policing, the two are still very different. Officers choose to be peace keepers in skid-row areas, and use containment to protect the quality of life of those in the community outside of the â€Å"jungle† that takes hold of skid-row (Bittner, 1967). When faced with the option of enforcer or peace keeper, officers feel keeping the peace is the more manageable approach when dealing with these areas. The dynamics of policing must be flexible in regards to situations at hand. While enforcer is often the role needed for many situations, peace keeper is a core role for dealing with skid-row areas.

Intergrated marketing communications

The main form of research for my assignment will be through the library and Internet. I will do research into companies that are based out there as Motorola companies will produce company reports, which can be found either on the Internet or in libraries. This section provides a detailed account of the research undertaken to complete this assignment and further, goes on to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of each particular method. It is used to give support of the benefits thought to be associated with each research method. With my knowledge of the Chinese markets mixed in as well, I will hopefully Produce assignment that will be unbiased and concise. Executive Summary As the number one of the foreign export-import electronic company in China, was in unique position, Motorola has established a strong infrastructure and developed powerful relationships in China. As the China become more open and developed today, all the world organisations are likely to build their business in China. As the first telecommunication company who is entry in their business in China, Motorola has successfully earned Chinese market, how does this communication skills as they used, this is the main topic of this assignments. 1) China market environment For the BBC news reports: the US businesses community see the world's most populous country as potentially their most profitable market, and the US interests hope an open Chinese market could help pull the economy out of its present slump. Why is that? Thought it took 10 years to build a mobile user base of 10 million in China, the number of subscribers increased from 10 million to 100 million in less than four years. Currently, China mobile telecommunication market is nothing short of Stellar – no other market in the world is adding 5 million mobile subscribes a month (2001) to their customer base. China's mobile communications market, with over 120 million user by mid-2001, has over taken the US to become the largest mobile phone market in the world. China is already the largest market for cellular phones in the world and expected to be the second largest PC market in the world. China is become the second largest telecommunication market by the end the 2003. 1.2) Economic environment — special economic zones in China China now is the biggest consumer market in the world, China have thirteen Special economic zones (SEZ), especially designed for the foreign and private owned investors. The first in Shenzhen in the province of Guangdong in 1979, since then, three further SEZS have been established in south China: Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong, at Xiameng in province of Fujian. After 1984, China making the condition more comfortable for the foreign investment, and in 1998, Hainan Island acquired SEZ status at the same time as being promoted to being autonomous province. The SEZ are able to accept foreign investment in virtually any area of economic activity of interest to China, including all the service and production area. Since 1990, foreigners are now to engage in land development, and to install electric power and telephone service to operate utilities in one of the designated investments zones. All the technologies investments are reduced of taxation. The all of 13 SEZ zones include Dalian, Fujian, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hainan, Ningbo, Qingdao, Shanghai, Shantou, Tianjing, Xiamei, Zhandjiagang, and Shenzhen. Preferential administrative producedures and tax incentives would be available for the foreign investors with in economic zones. 1.3) China mobile market information Before we justified Motorola's marketing communications plan, we need look at what kind of market do we stay in at? What is in here? As this assignment's topic is Motorola PLC (China), So we need look at what is China mobile market current situation. As by report, China mobile communication market is developing rapidly. The number of mobile phone subscribers in China increased from 6.85 million in 1996 to 85.26 million in 2000. The year 2000 saw an additional increase of by 41.97 million, exceeding the number of new subscribers of fixed phone networks for the first time of history. From 1996 to the end of 2000, the average annual rate growth rate of mobile phone subscribes remained 95%. By the end of 2000, the population of the mobile phone hold reached 6.7%, it is estimated that the total number of mobile phone subscribers in China will reach 250 million in 2005. So that took 10 years to build a mobile user base of 10 million in China, the number of subscribers increased from 10 million to 100 million in less than four years. Wow, that is how cheerful news for the each company who want doing their business in Chinese market. 2) Organisation—Motorola (China) For the topic above that, I choose Motorola Company in China as my selected company. Motorola inc, the world's leading company in offering integrated communications and imbedded electronics solutions, was set up in 1928, beginning from marking rectifier and motor radio, Motorola grow up in 1940s and 1950s, gradually became a transactional company in 1960s from when it began to develop its overseas market. Now, Motorola has over 110,000 employees around the world. Its operations cover wireless communication, semiconductor, automobile electronic, broad brand, Internet and Internet access products. Motorola is the leader in mobile phone, paging, two-way radio, and commercial GSM and CDMA. In 2001, the company has scored a total sales volume of US $30 billion. Motorola Company established its branch in Beijing in 1987 and registered in Tianjin Motorola semi-conductor and car appliances. In 1992, Motorola has set up Motorola (China) electronics LTD. In Tianjin has begun to produce beep-pager, mobile phone, two-way radio, wireless communication facilities, semiconductor, automobile electronics etc. Motorola is the largest foreign investor in China. Over the past 15 years, company has invested 28.5 billion Yuan ($3.4 billion, about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.7 billion). Motorola (China) has consisted of 1 owned factory, 1 holding company, 8 R&D facilities and 26 sales offices. Motorola china employs total revenue for 2002 reached 47 billion Yuan ($5.7 billion, about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.85 billion), up to 16 % from when was ($3.6 billion, about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.8 billion) one of the largest exports in China. Motorola entered China at a prime time when mobile communication novel idea and no one was selling. As a result, the company enjoy success in selling its pager as tens millions of Chinese wanted convenience and symbol of social status (this is Chinese momentum and a strong emphasis on design and marketing, Motorola hold the largest market share in China, about 28%, as its brand is with best in quality, features and form factor. In 2001, Motorola Company with a total sales volume of $4.9 billion in China entered into a 1.44 billion dollars network construction and expansion contract with suppliers like China telecom and Unicom. The company has a staff about 15,000 in China. Motorola is the number one provider of micro controller products, which more than 18 percent of the global market. Motorola Company has been first in its market share in China in three consecutive years. According to the 500 strongest foreign-invested companies in China, in place of Shanghai Volkswagen, which it has kept title in nine years. Over the years, Motorola has developed a unique strategy for the emphasizing technology transfer, continuing investment and association cultures. The company has invested all its profits from china back gradually localized its China operations (nearly all Motorola China company's Chinese, 75% of managers). At present, Motorola with eight co-invested companies in China is actively implementing various co-operation projects in the fields of new and hi-tech technology research and developments with famous universities, scientific research institutions and enterprise in China. Motorola is a major supplier of mobile communication equipment which including mobile switches, base stations and handsets for GSM and company is one of the few companies that can offer complete CDM (infrastructure and handsets). Until now, Motorola (China) has made up to 64 million (RMB) donations to China hope project, tertiary education, flood salvation and western development. The company has launched brand all of the China, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Zhejiang, Hunan, Tianjing, Suzhou, Hainan, etc. Anywhere have mobile user there is a Motorola. 3) Motorola China mission statement Vision – To be the standard against which others are measured Mission – To make aspiration quality accessible to all Values – Quality value, service, innovation and trust Motorola is China to stay and grow. Motorola has to date invested US $34.5 billion in china and employs 13,000 people on the Chinese mainland. It is the big foreign investor industry and it is one of the biggest American investors in the Chinese market. Motorola's relationship with Chinese government officials is continuing. Incapacity neighbour Beijing, manufacturing pagers, mobile phones, semiconductors and other wireless communications equipment. In April 1998, it moved its north Asian office from Hong Kong to Beijing. Comparing to other foreign competitors, Motorola have a long-term vision in the Chinese market. Motorola entered China in 1987 and registered in 1992 a company in Tianjin, a mu For us to fully understand the recent success of a greatest China â€Å"institution†, and how they can build upon its success, we must first examine the infrastructure of the company itself. 4) Model for Integrated Marketing Communication Integrated Marketing Communication is more than the coordination of a company's outgoing message between different media and the consistency of the message throughout. It is an aggressive marketing plan that captures and uses an extensive amount of customer information in setting and tracking marketing strategy. Steps in an Integrated Marketing system are: 1.Customer Database an essential element to implementing Integrated Marketing that helps to segment and analyse customer-buying habits. 2.Strategies Insight from analysis of customer data is used to shape marketing, sales, and communications strategies. 3.Tactics Once the basic strategy is determined the appropriate marketing tactics can be specified which best targets the specific markets. 4.Evaluate Results Customer responses and new information about buying habits are collected and analysed to determine the effectiveness of the strategy and tactics. 5.Complete the loop. 5) Customer target of Motorola China As the Motorola has wide range of mobile products, the vary of products designed as different of user group. For the Motorola (China), I selected four diverse of target marketing groups that are: fashion user; heavy user, social life lover user and high technology user. * Fashion user Most of young generation and between age 20-40, who loves to carry the new design and functional mobile phones, and change their mobile phone frequently. They more care about their appearance of mobile phones such as size, colour and diversified functions. The advertisement for this group should trend these side of behaviour. However, the product targeting of these group are only a short life cycle, the company should to contours move forward their product design, to lead the mobile market fashion. * Heavy user Normally they are successful businessman and woman, professionals and private company owner, are aged which above 30 years old, with a higher incomer. The people in this group as show in mobile as their necessary tools for their business or jobs, not kind of fashion staff. They always are early holders of mobiles phones, for them, it is good to stick with one brand, not always change, because they don't seems to have a time to use new manure. Therefore, for this group need have much high quality of the product and faultless customer service, also this group is much loyal in certain brands compare with other group, so it is very important to reach this group's customer. * Social life lover user This group might not that rich, but they are very active, enjoys pup, restaurant, nightclub all those kind of staff. They like to make friends and more care about their families. A mobile phone is the best tools for them to communicate with other and keeping in touch. They may not enjoy getting a very attractive appearance or very complicate functional mobile phones; the people in this group are much sensitive to the price of the phone than other groups, because they normally do not have very higher income and only got average salary. They normally are patient to wait about sales promotions in order to get good price with good deals. For this target of view, the profit margin of mobile phones targeting for this group are focused on lower price. However, with the increasing number of the mobile phones holder, this group's people are quickly growth and make more contribution to the growth of the market size. So, we cannot disregard the exist of this group. * Technology user This group's customer are normally male, high educated, the age of them are between 25-50. They are very interested to try advanced technology, and always seek new mobile phones with innovative technology and wide functions. Customers in this group are more likely try some new accessories connecting to the mobile phones and other personal digital equipment, such as ‘Is this mobile phone are good to connect to the laptop or Internet or is this mobile phone have a good camera'? 6) Promotion methods – Cross promotion Sometimes the cross-promotions that happen between different industries work so well. One company actually buys the expertise of the other and opens an outlet incorporating both. Benetton and Motorola rolled out an elegant line of pagers as â€Å"fashion accessories.† The cross-promotional partners' vision is to make the humble pager a fashion statement, with customers wearing matching clothing and pagers on their belts. Motorola persuaded Benetton to license its name and provide â€Å"creative consultation† to Motorola's paging division, which manufactures the new devices. Motorola Pagers, in colours ranging from â€Å"raspberry purple† to â€Å"buttermilk† will be advertised on Benetton models will have the United Colours of Benetton slogan stamped on them, which both gives Motorola and Benetton an advertisement, is called moving advertisement in the China. 6.1) Master card international and Motorola alliance MasterCard International and Motorola companies announced that each would commit resources in a joint effort to make m-commerce a reality for consumers worldwide. Motorola and MasterCard will collaborate on continuing research and development projects to assure interoperability between MasterCard's electronic payment systems and Motorola's wireless Internet devices and platforms. The two companies plan to develop next-generation m-commerce technologies that support the initiatives of the newly formed Global Mobile Commerce Interoperability Group (GMCIG), of which both companies are key members. The alliance also includes cooperation on a number of key initiatives to promote the benefits of m-commerce to consumers through joint marketing activities. The companies also plan to work together to adapt existing, intelligent payment systems for the mobile environment. These systems include MasterCard M/Chip(tm), its chip-based integrated credit/debit system, and Mondex(tm), MasterCard's chip-based electronic cash payment system. Motorola's alliance with MasterCard will enable Motorola to work closely with MasterCard's 22,000 member financial institutions. As a result, Motorola expects to realize continued improvements in the capabilities and functionality of its existing wireless Internet devices and platforms. Both companies also will benefit from the respective experience, leadership and brand recognition of the other – Motorola with its reputation as a global communications leader and pioneer of the wireless Internet, and MasterCard as the most widely-accepted electronic payment brand in the world and a catalyst for the development of m-commerce solutions. 7) List of stakeholders— Motorola China Manufactory & Products: Motorola have a range of products, which include pages, mobile phones, Internet and Internet access products. The integrated electronic system sector, we called them ‘IESS' in Motorola, formally as known as ACCES (automotive, computer and communication components and energy sector), consists as two parts: the energy system group (ESG) and the automotive and industrial electronics group (AIEG). ESG Tannin factory has several SMT assembly lines, with high-precision mounting capability and speed, the factory is capable of producing a wide range of PCB electronics products, to meet the requirements of customers. ESG Tianjin now produces nearly 100 types of batteries of various series for Motorola's company, V series, time port, talk about, two-way radio products and other electronic devices. The Motorola (China) factory is played an important role of Motorola's development strategy. Suppliers: Motorola have about 700 direct supplier or indirect supplier of Motorola China for total 13,000 employees. Distributors: These are the sources for companies to deliver their products throughout the market. The primary distributors are the state funded networks and the larger distributor networks throughout the China. A key government network, sponsored by china mobile, is a key network as it sells and distributes other brands. Another strong channels is companies like Cellstar and bright point which are the world's leading global providers of innovative, value – enhancing logistics services to the wireless communications industry. Another channel outlet is the smaller private exclusive distributorship agreements, which Motorola does not depend heavily on. These partner combinations are important for companies who depend on them to get their products to the ever-expanding market regions. Subscribers: By the year 2003, the Motorola mobile phone subscribes in China will reached 75 million, and the number will go up to 200 million by the year of 2004, but most of the market share will be taken by Motorola. The figure 2 is show in the growth of subscribers. Source: Temple University Customers: as I mentioned above, Motorola (China) separately with different customer user group, every group have their characteristics, we need try to carry out diverse of product design, plan and strategy for those various user group. Employees: Motorola has over 110,000 employees around the world, which Motorola (China) has about 13,000 employees, by the end of last year, Motorola (China) has about 700 managerial staff are Chinese, including about 200 female, which accounts 26% of total number. Government: China government structure plays an interesting role in the assumption that foreign companies will maintain dominance. Retailers: the retail distribution for the mobile phone is severely fragmented, but consolidating with industry growth and expansion. As mentioned previously, because of its dominant position, china mobile serves as a major distributor for mobile phone technology producers. Major department stores and retail outlets provide another key outlets for distribution. There is no one way to get products to consumers, as no one company has access to all of the markets in the nation, so providers must develop relationships with many types of outlets to gain market advantage. This is changing as the larger outlets and suppliers are buying up smaller retailers to consolidate their retail capabilities. 8) Marketing goals For the Motorola marketing goals, I think one of the most significant developments in business in recent years has been rapid growth of international activities. Exporting, foreign direct investment and sourcing of products and components abroad have expanded dramatically. Many firms enter new international markets make their company more competitively and new product growing more quickly. The market entry relates to the easy or difficultly with which a firm can become a member of a group of competing firms by producing a close substitute for the products they are offering. The firms must develop a range of products, assets, marketing strategy and management activities for the new market entered. Motorola will emphasis on facilities to make wireless telecom equipment, mobile phone handsets and semiconductors, it already told the largest investor in China electronics industry. Motorola will carries out a win -win development strategy from beginning and bring idea of taking China as its home and development base, to win the Chinese government and people's heart. Example as: with development over 15 years, Motorola has made a big success in China and been turned into a famous brand. In 2000, Motorola (China) is the leading company of 1,000 high-tech companies by china high-tech enterprise evaluation centre. In 2001, Motorola (China) was the biggest foreign import-export company in China. 8.1) Corporate goals In an effort to retake global market share, Motorola is relying on its long-standing local investments, self-expressive branding campaign, and redesigned products platforms to dominate critical emerging markets. Motorola company would continue to invest all of the proceeds of the company the company made from China in expanding production and China's accession into the world trade organization (WTO) and will sell a half of the company's products on the international market. 9) Case at Motorola pull strategy Motorola will purchase US $10.5 billion of components from the Chinese market and will export more than US $12 billion worth of commodities at 2004. Motorola will be using Japan's most popular 3D graphics technologies in its new mobile phones in an effort to claw back sales from market leader Nokia and rising star Samsung. 3D graphics are expected to be a standard feature on mobile phone handsets, especially. Just as with PCs, mobile devices will soon have separate processors for handling graphics because this eases the main processor's workload and allows more complex and better looking applications to be executed. The 3D games will pull some mobile phone users to upgrade. 9.1)) Motorola push strategy Motorola setting up a new application development centre to promote wireless data services among Chinese networks. The company plans to help local telecommunications operators link up with application developers to offer quality control, engineering and logistics support as well as sales and marketing help. Mobile phone companies worldwide are moving to set up data-oriented 3G networks to boost capacity, improve coverage areas, and offer services such as 2.4-megabit-per-second wireless broadband. The data-oriented services are also expected to help make up for plunging revenue from voice calls. 10) Example of marketing communication mix — Motorola Motorola, the world's second largest wireless phone market, held its 2003 product launch in Shanghai, China, with a line up of handsets clearly meant to appeal to buyers not just on functionality but also stylish. As Motorola has historically been perceived as engineering – driven company and its products have reflected that heritage. While that approach has yield some of the market's hall of frame products – such as the 1996 introducing of the star TAC – today's mobile handset market is increasingly focusing on the youth market, where designs that reflected their style s and ‘personal expression' are key. Motorola's product launch event in China was more that just an opportunity to release its new handsets. It was also a showcase meant to highli9ghtr the company's new mindset and marketing strategy that should help it build market share. The Motorola campaign and the 2003 product line seek to embrace that trend. The 2003 line showed off many evolutionary products, including phones with advanced colour displays, a new 3G phones, and a new technology called ‘haptics' that envelops the user in what is best described as a ‘vibration field' that differs depending on the caller. The new handsets also have a strong focus on picture messaging, with many models offering built-in cameras. The company is also keeping cost and manufacturing efficiencies in perspective. Motorola is increasingly adopting the practice of reusing the same chipset and wrapping different hardware and software ‘skin' around them to offer a different looking g product- build on products and sell it in four different ways, there by appealing to a wider range of audiences. Well, today, handsets are not only tools, there are fashion statements, and something can show with personal styles. Motorola now is appealing to there sense of style, in addition to offering advanced phone features. During that lunch, one thing is clear: this is a company that knows that brand equity and defining the brand are important factors. The 200 analysts and media who attend lunch events – every advertising surface between the airport and the hotel were covered with their ‘hello Motorola ‘ ad campaign. The product rollout was treated like a movie premier – something Motorola would never have done few years ago – featuring Motomodels, Motococktails and have course Motophones. The event clearly showed how management has completely retooled and refocused its product strategy for the better. 11) Motorola's strategy plan As Motorola kept their intimated relationship with Chinese government from the beginning of the time when they entered Chinese market, so Chinese government always is the strongest support for the Motorola (China). > The major investment focus will still be around north China's Tianjin area where it launched it production base in 1980s. It will put over two billion Yuan (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½151 million) on Tianjin based Motorola (China) electronic company with in next five years. > The strategy of Motorola is not to seeking quick money returns, but also has a long-term commitment to the China market. The Motorola (China) will adhere to a principle of introducing the latest technology to Chinese market and continues operate with smooth co-operation with domestic partners in the market. The famous 2+3+3 strategy for the Motorola of Chinese operation, this strategy which include building China into a worldwide manufacturing and R&D base for the telecommunications equipment giant. It includes three new growth areas including semiconductors, broadband and digital trucking systems and three $10 billions goals through 2006. > Local sourcing is an important development rule for Motorola in China. Motorola hope takes part of China economic construction by enforcing this rule and strengthening its co-operation with Chinese enterprise. > Motorola will choosing local company supplier, helping them improving their management, enhancing efficiency and promoting quality regulation system, or even will bring them into contract with foreign regulation system. Example as: in year 2001, Motorola had a RMB13.3 billion purchase from Chinese enterprise, including RMB 3.3 billion by overseas branches of Motorola, the amount which is much high than other foreign companies in China. > For the long-standing Chinese culture and specially background (Chinese government are controlled by the communist party), so that Motorola will choose their management team locally. Example: Motorola offering a huge range of training program for their Chinese employee, by the end of 2001, Motorola has a 767 managerial employees are Chinese, which is account of 26% of the total management number. 12) Localization Knowing that consumer preference in the Chinese market is quite different from that in the US or UK market, Motorola started to localize its product development after the initial poor performance of pure ‘global' strategy. Now Motorola adapts its models to meet the specific demand form local markets rather than simply throw the current products into the market without any adjustment. The R&D centre in China successfully developed software to show the menu in Chinese and input Chinese characters. In 1999, a combination PDA/phone, which was designed by Chinese engineers, was launched in China and spread to the us and European countries. Motorola localization strategy also includes local souring. The company takes initiative in establishing relationships with local suppliers. 7 years ago, 65% of components were imported, while 69% of components are purchased locally now. Local souring brings Motorola three major benefits: lowering manufacturing cost, reducing risks from currency fluctuation, and catering to Chinese government's requirements. 13) Advertising and promotions targeted to market groups According to my analysis above, Motorola has four target customer groups, and there are four sub-brands to respectively target the 4 market segments: time port to heavy user, accompli to technology user, V. to fashion user, and talk about to social-life lovers. Different advertisings and promotions are implemented to target these 4 specific categories, which are show in below: Figure 2. Advertising and promotions targeted to market groups